Van Dyke/Kallitype process 1 - Intro, History, and Formulas

Kallitypes, Van Dyke prints, brownprints, and argentotype prints are very closely related. This fact has led to some degree of confusion. The major difference between kallitypes and Van Dyke/brownprints is that the kallitypes require more processing to develop and fix. Argentotypes, particularly a new version published by Mike Ware, may be somewhat more stable and may show greater tonal range (given a suitable negative). All of these processes rely on the light sensitivity of iron compounds and their ability to reduce silver ions to metal.

Sir John Herschel, the great polymath scientist of the mid nineteenth century, formulated the original argentotype in 1842. He also invented the cyanotype, another iron based process (which does not use silver). W.W.J. Nicol, a chemist, also worked on the process and patented the kallitype print in 1889. It and its Van Dyke and brownprint variations were in wide use at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. They were even available as precoated papers. It continued in popularity through the 1920s.

The Van Dyke print is developed in plain running water, which completes the chemical changes initiated by exposure to UV light. It is then fixed in a quite dilute (3-5%) solution of standard print fixer for a short time to remove any insoluble silver compounds which might darken with continued exposure to light. Finally, it is rigorously rinsed, hypo-cleared, and washed to remove all traces of the hypo fixer.

The Kallitype/Van Dyke formula I use is available from Photographer's Formulary (800.754.2891) as item 07-0080 for $23.00. It produces 100 4x5 prints and works quite well for me.

Part A: Ferric Ammonium Citrate - 9 grams / 33 cc water
Part B: Tartaric Acid - 1.5 grams / 33 cc water
Part C: Silver Nitrate - 3.8 grams / 33 cc water

The three solutions can be mixed under ordinary room light. However, the next step must be done in subdued lighting, perhaps with red filtered darkroom light. The red light is not absolutely necessary as long as the light is very dim.

In a mixing container of at least 250 cc capacity, Part A is mixed with Part B slowly, with stirring. Then Part C, the silver nitrate, is added to the combined A and B, again with stirring.

This should be then poured into a dark brown or completely opaque plastic or glass container with a tight screw lid. Keep this stock solution in a dark, cool location (a cupboard or a box). It keeps well for many months if properly stored.

Van Dyke/Kallitype process 2 - Paper Choices and Coating